© Saulius Aliukonis
Learning Tools
How change happens
- Category: artists, family carers, institutional carers, Learning Tools, project managers, Research
Name of the tool:
HOW CHANGE HAPPENS
What the result will look like:
A map of factors generating change, their effects and the relationships between them
Description of the tool:
This method refers to a facilitated discussion useful in exploring diverse and complex perspectives around a given theme. Participants generate ideas on different factors that influence a change and then they create a visual map of the relationship among different factors: what causes what and how they interact to create change.
The session starts with a short introduction to welcome participants, obtain informed consent, and allow participants to introduce themselves through an icebreaker. Then, using a guiding question (i.e. “What happens during a clown visit?”), participants share their experiences related to the issue discussed. Each individual idea or factor is captured by a second facilitator on sticky notes on a board, and grouped together with similar themes.
While participants take a short break, facilitators check in with each other to reflect on the session so far, as well as continued to organize the stick notes thematically on the board.
After the brake, facilitators help the group to draw connections between sticky notes, drawing arrows between ‘causes’ and the ‘effects’ and create a final moment for reflection and closing.
When it can be used:
It is a method useful to collect and analyse data about the current needs of audiences.
It can serve as a foundation for collaboration. This method helps different individuals explore and understand how others view a specific issue. It uncovers not only perceptions of how the world is, but also what are the driving forces behind it. Systems mapping is often used to explore and shape “mental models,” which are the deep-rooted beliefs that capture how an individual makes sense of the world. The How Change Happens pilot specifically sought to bring together individuals with different perspectives, and this was considered to be a major component of its success. In the future, this activity could be a useful starting point for stakeholders who will be working collaboratively
Who it’s useful for:
The project team / organisation can use the map to understand the point of view of different stakeholders.
The clowns can use the process to create the basis of meaningful collaboration at the start of a co-creation process.
Length of process:
It is one activity, involving a 2 hour session and additional time for preparations and follow-up.
Main features - advantages:
It helps to understand the programme theory of change from frontline stakeholders’ perspectives – which can be different from the programme planners’ perspective.
Main features - disadvantages:
It can be difficult to explain at the onset and may feel intimidating or very different from what is typically done.
Planning and managing this discussion successfully requires a highly skilled facilitator. It is also useful to have a second facilitator assist with the white board.
Guidelines for implementation:
Choose your guiding question
A general framing question results in ample discussion but less depth. Part of a systems mapping activity is to define the boundaries of the system that will be mapped. For the first piloting of the activity, it was considered useful to have a broad question (the system boundary) to ensure there would be sufficient content to discuss. With more experience and planning, in the future similar activities could focus in on areas of particular interest.
Decide if you will do it online or offline.
Systems mapping can be done virtually, with limitations.
Limit the session to 2 hours.
The session should be limited to 2 hours, as it is considered that this was the maximum time that participants would be willing to spend and able to pay attention. Typical systems mapping activities require significantly more time for participants. In addition, due to the limited time and the desire to avoid technical difficulties, the second facilitator took the responsibility of writing sticky notes on the white board and drawing connections, but the method is originally intended for participants to take the lead on these activities.
Tool in practice:
During the ClowNexus project, “How change happens” took the form of an online 2-hour workshop facilitated in the local language to generate ideas on the different factors that influence a change during or after a clowning visit. This provided insight into the potential benefits and impact of healthcare clowning.
Attachments / Images:
Origin of the tool:
This is an adaptation of Systems Mapping. Systems mapping can take a range of formats, from causal loop diagrams that show relational dynamics and systems change across a large number of interconnected factors, to influence mapping that shows the relationships between proximal causes and effects.
Art Voices
- Category: artists, family carers, institutional carers, Learning Tools, Research, target groups
Name of the tool:
ART VOICES
What the result will look like:
A collection of pictures and short testimonials
Description of the tool:
Art Voices is a participative method that uses photography and small testimonials to gather personal views on a specific topic.
The participants receive a question (such as “What are the benefits of healthcare clowning?”) and are asked to respond with their own photo and a small text explainig / narrating the image. Participants also have the option to respond with another type of art, such as a drawing.
By using photo submissions in response to a question prompt, this activity invites broader and more creative responses to qualitive questions, and may be particularly useful for gaining the perspectives of groups that are more comfortable expressing through image.
The activity can be repeated over time to understand shifts in themes and perspectives.
When it can be used:
Possible uses:
– to evaluate interventions (e.g. How did the visit make you feel?)
– to explore the viewpoints of participants and family members
Who it’s useful for:
The project team / organisation can use the findings to shape interventions. Photos and captions can be used in raising awareness activities (keep in mind that you need to have consent for this).
The clowns can use the insights to understand different points of view on their work.
Length of process:
It is a short-term process that implies consecutive related steps.
Main features - advantages:
The ability to explain ideas and experiences using visual images rather than words.
The method generates more creative expression than others.
Main features - disadvantages:
– It is time consuming in regards to preparing the instructions, sending the instructions, collecting the responses.
– Including a final sharing session is highly recommended, but presents practical concerns.
– It is important to consider the permissions and parameters of the photo submissions. Pictures should follow strict consent guidelines and ethical requirements that need to be made available to all those involved.
Guidelines for implementation:
Choose a framing question. One idea is ‘What does clowning mean to you? You can suggest another, similar question that makes sense in your context. Some other ideas are, “What feelings does a clown visit bring?” “How does clowning affect you and those around you?” You can also focus it on one of the audiences, like “What benefits does clowning have for children with disabilities?”, “How does clowning affect children with autism?” etc. ]
Decide how the photos will be shared/used. You may want to do an exhibition or a virtual gallery show. You might also consider how you could share the results with participants, even if you don’t hold an event. For example, a selection of photos will be shared on our social media, or we will send you a slideshow, etc. People are generally more willing to participate if they know that they get to see the results (and I’m sure they will find it interesting!)
Protect privacy/photo consent. Emphasize that photos should not be of participants, minors, and vulnerable groups. Please include in the instructions any additional privacy/safeguarding guidelines from your organization for informed consent. An analysis plan is required in advance, which outlines how the submissions will be used by participants as well as data collectors. For the purpose of this evaluation, thematic coding of the art and accompanying narrative was used. Collecting the characteristics of respondents in a standard way can be useful in the analysis.
Choose a deadline. 1-2 weeks should be sufficient to complete the activity. Too little or too much time may make it difficult for the participants.
Tool in practice:
In ClowNexus, the tool was used to understand current clowning experiences and to prepare for new clowning activities with the elderly and children.
